Explore Abelard’s Dialectical Theology: Insights and Impact on Medieval Philosophy

Abelard believed that the primary role of dialectics is not to prove or explain, but to explore and critique. The reason dialectics can be so effectively applied to theology is due to the inherent uncertainties within faith.

In his groundbreaking work, “Sic et Non,” Abelard meticulously listed one hundred and fifty-six theological topics, presenting both “yes” and “no” perspectives on each issue without taking a definitive stance himself. This approach in “Sic et Non” exemplifies the standard form of “dialectical theology.” By juxtaposing conflicting opinions, Abelard masterfully accomplishes the first and most crucial step of dialectics: framing the question appropriately.

In the preface of “Sic et Non,” Abelard argues that genuine authoritative works often appear contradictory because of varying interpretations of language and the inherent ambiguity in the writings of the Church Fathers. Misunderstandings arising from these linguistic nuances are inevitable. Whether it’s verifying the authenticity of these texts or resolving the ambiguities, the logical tool of dialectics is indispensable for thorough examination.

By presenting the questions that arise when interpreting the works of the Church Fathers in a dialectical manner, Abelard takes the first step in applying dialectics to theology. In stark contrast, conservative anti-dialectical theologians often pit faith against reason. The slogan “truth does not contradict truth” is used to harmonize dialectics with faith, and philosophy with theology, standing in sharp opposition to Damian’s view that “philosophy is the handmaid of theology.”