Discover the Surprising Short Duration to Reach Antarctica: Less Than a Month!
First, my recommendation: take 12 days off, plus 3 weekends, for a total of 18 days away.
Generally, there are two reactions to this suggestion:

[Wilting R] Too long! Can’t it be shorter?

Let’s break it down:
The journey from Shanghai to Buenos Aires, one way, takes over 30 hours. Add in airport transfers, customs, and waiting times, and you’re looking at [Two R] days just for the trip.
Traveling from Buenos Aires to Ushuaia, round trip, will take [One R] day each.
The shortest Antarctic itinerary from Ushuaia is 10 days for the Peninsula, which actually breaks down into [Nine R] days, including [Four R] days at sea, [One R] day for boarding, and [Four R] days of actual sightseeing.

So, 2*2 + 1*2 + 9 = [One R][Five R] days. Besides the [Four R] days on the Antarctic Peninsula, you can squeeze in two half-days (combined into [One R] day) for sightseeing in Buenos Aires. The remaining [One R][Zero R] days are spent traveling.
Can you accept that? [One R][Zero R] days of travel, [Five R] days of sightseeing?

Here’s a bit more brutal reality: the unpredictable Antarctic weather means you might not have good conditions for all 4 days on the Antarctic Peninsula. I had one day with bad weather and couldn’t disembark.
So, can you accept it? [One R][Zero R] days of travel, less than [Five R] days of sightseeing?

If you can accept it, then 10 days of annual leave is also possible, for a total of 15 days.
But I strongly advise against 15 days, as it leaves no buffer at all.
I took 12 days off, and was away for 18 days, including 10 days of travel and [Eight R] days of sightseeing.
Of course, the shortest Antarctic itinerary is actually the fly-cruise from Chile to the Antarctic Peninsula, but it is even more affected by weather. If you hope to save three or four days, you need to be prepared for the risk of changing the itinerary. And the cost may be 1.5 to 2 times more.
[Face-pulling H] Another reaction is, after flying so far, only a few days of sightseeing?
This question has two solutions:
Solution 1:
You won’t see King Penguins or Emperor Penguins on the Antarctic Peninsula, nor will you reach the Antarctic Circle. If you think that a once-in-a-lifetime trip to Antarctica isn’t enough with just 4 days, then consider:
+2~3 days to enter the Circle (for the sense of ceremony and more ice and snow)
+9~10 days for the Three Islands (+6 days of actual sightseeing and you can see a lot of King Penguins!)
Solution 2:
Outside of Antarctica, in Argentina or South America
+1 day in Buenos Aires: Explore the vibrant city and leave some buffer time for any flight changes or luggage delays. Don’t miss out on the rich culture, tango shows, and delicious Argentine cuisine!
+1 day in Ushuaia: Discover the southernmost city in the world, known as the “End of the World.” Enjoy the stunning landscapes and make sure to have some flexibility in case of ship schedule changes.
+1~2 days in Iguazu: Marvel at one of the world’s three major waterfalls, a true natural wonder that lives up to its reputation! The sheer power and beauty of the falls will leave you in awe.
+2 days or more in El Chalten: Witness the breathtaking peaks of Fitz Roy, a paradise for hikers and nature lovers. You can fly from Ushuaia to El Calafate and then take a scenic bus ride to reach this stunning destination.
+2 days or more in El Calafate: Embark on an unforgettable glacier hiking adventure. The Perito Moreno Glacier is a must-see, with its massive ice formations and unique blue hues.
+5 days or more in Easter Island, Chile: Uncover the mysteries of the iconic Moai statues and explore the rich cultural heritage of this remote island. The serene beauty and historical significance will captivate you.
+5 days or more in Machu Picchu, Peru: Experience the ancient Incan citadel, one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Add another 5 days if you want to venture into the Amazon River and Rainforest, where you can immerse yourself in the lush biodiversity and indigenous cultures.
+7 days or more in Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia: Visit the world’s largest salt flat, a surreal and otherworldly landscape. This destination is highly desirable, but make sure to plan well in advance to secure your time off.
That’s all the rambling. Hope it helps you [Party R]